- To refine the ear. These are simple intervals, and the difference tone (or combination tone) is strong enough to easily adjust.
- Flexibility. To make these adjustments, a flutist must be willing to make minute changes of the angle of the air by manipulating any three points: lips, jaw, or rotating the flute in or out.
- Accuracy. The theoretical knowledge that, from the bass note, major thirds are 14 cents flatter and minor thirds 16 cents sharper will cut out some of the fishing around for the right direction. (That's thinking like a flutist. Objectively stated: major thirds are narrower, minor thirds are wider.)
- Grasp of microtonality. Seriously. Take the second bar of the exercise below. The G is first played as a just major third to an E-flat (=14 cents flat). Then the bass note changes and it becomes the just minor third to E-natural (=16 cents sharp). The difference you have traveled is 30 cents, almost a sixth-tone! You get a feel for these sixth tones, double that, you've got third tones and you're off!
But why do these exercises? After all, I do not propose that thirds and sixths should always be tuned justly! There are many times when it makes sense to tune these intervals using equal temperment, such as when playing with any fixed pitch instrument. (I wish conductors would also take this seriously. How many times have you worked on intonation during a wind sectional rehearsal, when your ears will naturally drift to just intonation, only to have it completely different when you add the strings, harp, percussion or piano!)
Another place to avoid just intonation in real life is when tuning minor thirds in minor chords (See Claudio's comment below). Here, the equally-tempered minor third works better. Here's why: remember, if you tune an interval justly, the difference/combination tone you should hear will belong to (or complete) the implied major chord. For example, let's take the minor chord:
C
E-flat
G
A justly-played C and E-flat will give you a difference tone A-flat, because A-flat is the major chord that the interval C - E-flat implies. That sounds very nice! But add the G and it's no longer nice because G and A-flat are causing dissonance. This may be why, historically, those beautiful mediaeval works in minor keys always ended on major chords. See what you can learn about Early Music by delving into the details of intonation! The practices were, well, practical, not academic.
While playing this exercise it will also become apparent why, historically, notes with flats were generally played sharper and notes with sharps were generally played flatter.
Directions for playing with a tuner: during the fermatas, change the pitch of the tuner with the right hand while holding the flute (or piccolo) with the left hand only (use B-flat thumb for Bb and A#). Try not to interrupt playing during this process so you can make the adjustment as finely as possible.
Click here for the exercise (this is the same one that was previously on my website).
Minor chords were dissonant chords until fairly recently - and indeed, most Renaissance and Baroque music cadenced to majour on the final chord of a minor piece. Except for the lute players, that loved ending in minor (and very few other exceptions…) - oddly enough the lute intabulatures fairly often show this unambiguously.
ReplyDeleteThen again, go back another few centuries, and a majour third was dissonant, too… But the real reason for this is the temperament - if you tune fifths to be pure (let's say, Pythagorean tuning) the thirds are awfully dissonant. Later they tuned pure majour thirds, and those would be the perfect consonance.
Yet later they tuned so that nothing was "right" anymore, and decided this was the "best" compromise… I still can't get over it when (modern) pianists play a majour chord on their instrument, and think it sounds "nice" and harmonious!
But you make some very good points about the importance of actually *knowing* your (equal) temperament and its deviation from just intervals.
Oh, and one more thing - in Renaissance times, you'd tune the Eb of your C-Eb-G example chord to be a perfect majour third from G. That is, you tune C-G to be a perfect fifth, and Eb to be a majour third below G. That gives a very "large" minor third…
ReplyDeleteThanks for sharing your historical perspective, Claudio! Life is full of compromises, hmmmm. And our thirds bear the brunt of it. Interesting what you say about tuning the minor third of a chord as the "major" third to the fifth. That solves the problem nicely. Another way to solve it (not as neatly, though) is to change the voicing so the G is not on top. You notice the question of voicing is a can of worms I did not touch.
ReplyDeleteThe question of linear, that is, melodic intonation is another that is not addressed here. It's a whole different picture, but a very interesting one I'd like to address sometime. For those who can read German I recommend "Praktische Intonationslehre" by Doris Geller publ. Bärenreiter.